Domestic Violence: A Shadow Pandemic Amidst COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought unprecedented challenges to societies worldwide, exacerbating existing social and economic inequalities, moreover, it has had a devastating impact on women and girls in India, exacerbating the already high rates of domestic violence. One of the most alarming consequences of the pandemic has been the surge in domestic violence cases, a phenomenon often referred to as the "shadow pandemic."^[1]

The lockdown measures imposed to curb the spread of the virus trapped victims in their homes with their abusers, cutting them off from support networks and making it difficult to seek help. As a result, there has been a significant surge in domestic violence cases in India since the pandemic began.

1. What is a Shadow Pandemic?

A shadow pandemic is a term used to describe a public health crisis that occurs alongside a major, widely recognized pandemic, but is often overshadowed by it and receives less attention. These shadow pandemics can be just as serious as the main pandemic and can have long-lasting consequences for individuals and communities. They can lead to both short-term and long-term health problems, and they can also have a negative impact on social and economic development.

A shadow pandemic refers to the alarming rise in domestic violence cases during the COVID-19 pandemic. The lockdown measures and economic hardships have exacerbated existing inequalities and tensions within households, leading to a surge in violence against women. It is crucial to recognize and address this shadow pandemic alongside the primary health crisis to ensure the safety and well-being of individuals affected by domestic violence.

Examples of shadow pandemics:

? Domestic violence: During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant rise in domestic violence cases around the world. This was due to several factors, including increased stress and anxiety, financial strain, and social isolation.

? Mental health: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on mental health, with many people reporting increased anxiety, depression, and loneliness.

? Substance abuse: The COVID-19 pandemic has also led to an increase in substance abuse, as people cope with stress and isolation.

2. Why are shadow pandemics called "shadow" pandemics?

Shadow pandemics are called "shadow" pandemics because they often occur alongside major pandemics, but are not given the same level of attention or resources. This can be due to a number of factors, including but not limited to:

? Lack of awareness: Many people are not aware of the existence of shadow pandemics, or they may not understand how serious they are.

? Lack of funding: Shadow pandemics often receive less funding than major pandemics, which can make it difficult to implement effective interventions.

? Lack of political will: Governments may be less likely to take action on shadow pandemics, as they are often seen as less of a priority than major pandemics.

3. Factors Contributing to the Rise in Domestic Violence

The lockdown measures imposed to curb the spread of COVID-19 created a perfect storm for domestic violence to escalate. Victims were confined to their homes with their abusers, unable to seek help or escape from dangerous situations.^[2] Stress, anxiety, and financial strain further amplified tensions within households, increasing the likelihood of violence.

Additionally, the closure of support services and helplines during the lockdown further exacerbated the problem, leaving victims with limited resources and options. To add to the problem, the lack of awareness and education about domestic violence in some communities may have also contributed to the increase in cases, as victims may not have known how to recognise or report abuse

4. Impact of Domestic Violence on Victims

The consequences of domestic violence are far-reaching and devastating^[3]. Victims face physical, emotional, and psychological trauma, which can have long-lasting effects on their health, well-being, and ability to function in society. Children exposed to domestic violence are particularly vulnerable, experiencing developmental delays, behavioural problems, and increased risk of mental health issues^[4].

Furthermore, victims of domestic violence often suffer from low self-esteem and a sense of isolation, making it difficult for them to seek help or leave abusive relationships. The financial impact of domestic violence is also significant, as victims may lose their jobs or face economic instability due to the abuse, as they may be unable to work or maintain employment due to their injuries or the control exerted by their abusers. Overall, the effects of domestic violence extend beyond the immediate physical harm and can have long-term consequences for individuals and their families.

5. Data and Statistics

The numbers and figures show that domestic violence is a pervasive issue that affects people of all genders, ages, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Society must address this problem through education, awareness campaigns, and comprehensive support systems to ensure the safety and well-being of all individuals impacted by domestic violence.

1. The National Commission for Women (NCW) in India reported a 115% increase in domestic violence complaints during the first lockdown in 2020.
2. A study by Oxfam India found that 70% of women reported experiencing an increase in violence during the pandemic.
3. A report by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) found that 31% of women in India have experienced physical or sexual violence from an intimate partner.

These alarming statistics highlight the urgent need for a multi-faceted approach to address domestic violence in India. In addition to education and awareness campaigns, it is crucial to strengthen legal frameworks and ensure their effective implementation to hold perpetrators accountable. Furthermore, providing accessible and comprehensive support systems, including shelters, counseling services, and helplines, can empower survivors and help them rebuild their lives free from violence.

6. Addressing the Shadow Pandemic

"Studies have shown that violence against women (VAW) has negative impacts on female labour market participation, earnings, mental health, child health and household consumption"^[5]. The increase in VAW that coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns has been dubbed the "Shadow Pandemic" by UN Women. Combating domestic violence during and beyond the pandemic requires a multi-pronged approach that involves:

? Strengthening support services: Expanding access to shelters, hotlines, and counseling for victims is crucial to provide immediate assistance and help them break the cycle of violence.

? Raising awareness and promoting prevention: Public awareness campaigns and educational programs can help break down stigmas, empower victims to seek help, and encourage bystanders to intervene.

? Addressing underlying causes: Tackling poverty, unemployment, and gender inequality can reduce the risk factors associated with domestic violence.

? Ensuring effective legal and justice systems: Robust legal frameworks and efficient law enforcement are essential to hold perpetrators accountable and protect victims' rights.

? Providing comprehensive support services: Accessible and well-funded support services, such as shelters, counseling, and legal aid, are crucial in assisting survivors in their journey towards healing and rebuilding their lives.

? Fostering collaboration and coordination: Establishing partnerships between government agencies, non-profit organizations, and community groups can ensure a coordinated response to domestic violence, maximizing resources and expertise to better serve survivors.

7. Conclusion

Domestic violence is a serious public health issue that the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated^[6]. Addressing this shadow pandemic requires concerted efforts from governments, civil society organisations, and individuals to create a safe and supportive environment for all. By working together, we can break the cycle of violence and build a world where everyone feels safe and respected.

This can be achieved through increased funding for domestic violence prevention programs, comprehensive training for law enforcement and judicial personnel, and the establishment of specialized courts or units to handle domestic violence cases. Additionally, public awareness campaigns and education programs can help challenge societal norms that perpetuate violence and promote gender equality.

By prioritizing the needs of survivors and implementing evidence-based strategies, we can make significant progress in eradicating domestic violence and ensuring justice for all.